THE BASIC STEPS IN MAKING A PHOTOGRAPHY

1. Photography is the record of images produced on sensitized material by a form of radiant energy - light rays, infrared rays, and x-rays. Light is the most common form of radiant energy. A discussion of light is used in this chapter to introduce and describe the basic photographic process.

2. There are three basic steps in making a photograph: EXPOSURE, PROCESSING, and PRINTING.

a. EXPOSURE: Exposure occurs when the camera shutter is tripped, permitting reflected light from the subject to enter and thereby exposing the film. A latent (invisible) image of the subject has now been exposed onto the film's light sensitive coating, the emulsion.

b. PROCESSING: Processing, also referred to as developing consists of a series of steps that will develop the latent image into a visible image through the use of chemical solutions. These steps are:

(1) Developer -- Here the exposed film is immersed in a chemical solution (developer) that will change the exposed portions of the film to a visible image of the subject photographed.

(2) Stop Bath -- To stop the action of the developing agent and thus prevent over-developing, the film is rinsed in a diluted acetic acid solution.

(3) Fixing -- The film is then placed in another chemical solution which dissolves the unexposed and undeveloped parts of the emulsion. These parts are left clear.

(4) Wash and Dry -- Film is washed in running water so that all chemicals and unwanted particles art removed. If any chemicals remain the image will fade over time. The film is then dried, and the result is a "negative." A negative is an image of the subject photographed in which the various tones appear reversed.

Description of Lighting System

The lighting system consists of a converter and two light assemblies.

a. Converter.

The converter is used to manually or automatically operate the light assemblies. The converter permits control of the lightassemblies to obtain even illumination and balanced color temperature over the entire surface of the easel. One end of the 20-foot POWER CORD is permanently attached to the converter. When set up for operation, the converter is secured to the rear of the cabinet by means of two convertermounting screws.

b. Light assemblies .
The two light assemblies use standardincandescent lamps (four 150-watt incandescent lamps in each assembly). The light assemblies are supported by a carriage assembly (two support arms) that are secured to the front end block. Each light assembly has its own15-foot interconnection cable (light assembly cable).

Description of Lens Assembly

The lens assembly includes a lens, a shutter, a lens board, and a
cable release.

a. Lens.
The lens is a four-element anastigmatic type XII copying unit. It has a focal length of 12 inches and a maximum aperture of f/6.3. The lens elements are coated to reduce internal reflections. Lens assembly mounted in front frame.

b. Shutter.
The shutter has five automatically timed speed settings plus time (T), bulb (B), and seven aperture settings. The shutter also contains an internal synchronization mechanism and a press focus lever to open and close the  shutter to facilitate focusing.

c. Lens board.
The lens board is provided to permit mounting the lens assembly in the front frame of the camera. The front vertical movement plate with the threaded shaft and shaft support, and the front horizontal movement plate with the vertical gear and rack gear shift the lens board and lens to position the image on the ground focusing glass.

d. Cable release.
The cable release is provided for remote operation of the shutter to permit making T, B, or instantaneous (I) exposures without jarring the lens or causing camera movement.

PHOTO OF ME wth MY BESTIE

I edit this photo using PHOTOSCAPE software.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT

Description of Camera
The camera consists of a camera body, two carriages, a  4" x 5" focusing back, an 8" x 10" focusing back, two front movement mechanisms, two handwheel assemblies, a camera bed, and an easel. 


a.Camera body.
The camera body includes the following:
(1) A front frame  for mounting the lens assembly.

The front frame contains a front stationary plate and two front movement plates (horizontal and vertical). (2) A front bellows and a rear bellows which provide a flexible lighttight compartment (body). (3) A center frame for securing the bellows in the center of the camera body. (4) A rear frame for mounting the focusing backs. A clip at each corner of the rear frame provides the means for securing the focusing back to the rear frame.

b. Camera bed.
   The camera bed includes two tubular guide rails  with an end block at each end. Wire-rope pulleys are secured to bracketswithin the end blocks. Two connecting bars between the tubular guide rails provide additional rigidity for the camera bed.

c.Easel.
The easel  is hinge-mounted on the front end and includes a blasted glass secured within the easel frame. Five
interlocking photographic masks  are supplied to hold-copy to theg lass frame. Both the glass frame and the   masks use clips to secure copy, or the next smaller mask, to the easel. A calibrated mounting plate [(2)
below], mounted on a sponge rubber padded mounting board, and two glass
plates are also part of the easel.

d.Carriages. 

The front and rear carriages  are castings that are secured to the front and rear frames respectively. The carriages house the camera movement and locking mechanisms, and the slides that ride on the tubular guide rails.

e. Camera focusing backs.
Two focusing backs are provided with thecamera set. (1) 4" x 5" focusing back.
The 4" x 5" focusing back isinterchangeable with the 8" x 10" focusing back [(2) below].
The focusingpanel shield (figure 2) is secured within the focusing back by two springs. A ground focusing glass is mounted within the focusing panel shield. Horizontal and vertical lines on the ground focusing glass provide a scale to align the image.

f. Front movement mechanisms.
The front movement mechanisms provide the facilities for horizontal movement or for the vertical movement of the lens assembly. Each mechanism consists of a guide bar  that runs the full length of the carriage bed, a handle grip, and a gear arrangement.

g. Handwheel assemblies.
Two handwheel assemblies are provided for movement of the camera carriages. The handwheels (front and rear) , through a system of cable reels and wire ropes, move the camera carriages forward and backward as required.